Unloading of empty plastic containers from trucks was practiced through manual operations, in which operators drop stacks of 20 containers to the ground. This operation resulted in breakage of the lower container. Switching to forklift rather than manual procedure will result in saving of containers, reducing waste generation.

The packaging material purchased by the company is not according to the ASTM standard, resulting in over consumption for packaging the final proucts. Contacting the suppliers of the packaging material, and incorporating the dimensions satisfying the ASTM shall save over 9% of the packaging cost.

Whey generated at this dairy is not utilized and is discarded to the drain. Separating the fat from the whey, and introducing in to the production of butter or other neich products is a worth investigating alternative, especially that the separator is readily available on site.

The cleaning of moulding tools at a brake linings and clutches production company is carried out in a traditional way in a caustic soda bath, a method that is not very efficient, and also generates very heavy liquid discharges. Switching to ultrasonic cleaning optimizes the cleaning operation, reduce the cleaning time, and provide better work conditions for the workers.

Whey is one protein rich by-product that is generated from the production of cheese. In a dairy, generated whey was of mild category, thus was not possible to reuse in useful products, and was disposed to the drain. Investigations for mixing it at small quantities for the production of curdeled milk of LFC can lead to utilization of up to 25% of the produced whey

Frequent breaks of the paper strips at the paper machine lead to losses of material, water and energy and to reduced productivity. Solution is to improve quality of white water by reducing biological deposits.This will be achieved through replacing biocides by new chemicals and small amendments of the existing technology.

Gaseous effluents from a chemical company contain traces of sulphur dioxide, that result in the effluents exceeding the environmental limits. Directing the effluents to a catalytic conversion tower allow for oxidation of sulphur dioxide to SO3, which can be directed to the production. Nevertheless, the hot air from the effluents will be utilized for the reaction.